<b>Vaccinology / protein expression:</b> Research activities are centred on the use of plants to make candidate prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against Human papillomaviruses, and prophylactic vaccines for HIV-1 subtype C and Bluetongue and African horsesickness orbiviruses of sheep and horses. We are also active in investigating vaccines for Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) of psittacines, H5N1 and H1N1 pandemic influenza viruses, and the animal- and human infecting bunyaviruses Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic and Rift Valley fever viruses. The group also has a strong interest in the use of novel DNA vaccine vectors incorporating Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV-1) enhancer elements.